Prof Karin Hing

Karin Hing
BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMMM, FHEA, FRSA, FWES

Baxter/Royal Academy of Engineering Research Chair in Biomaterials and Tissue Regeneration

School of Engineering and Materials Science
Queen Mary University of London
www.sems.qmul.ac.uk/staff/k.a.hing
ResearcherID ORCID Google Scholar LinkedIn

Research

Biomaterials, Bone graft substitutes, 3D in vitro Bone models, Tissue Engineering, Orthobiologics and Regenerative Medicine, Bone

Underpinning Bioengineering, Musculoskeletal Models

Interests

Development of 3D in vitro 'Tissue in a Tube' Models for screening of synthetic bone graft substitute safety and efficacy - to inform development of future biomaterial and orthobiologic innovations.

The ultimate aim being to develop human ‘cohort specific’ models to innovate tailored interventions through understanding the role that the physico-chemical characteristics of scaffold structures or substrates play in modulating local environments and thus local cell responses and MSK tissue regeneration.

Publications

solid heart iconPublications of specific relevance to Predictive in vitro Models

2023

SSNMR confirms silicate ion substitution in the apatitic structure of 0.8wt% Si hydroxyapatite
Mafina M-K, Wilson RM, Rees GJ, Gierth P, Sullivan AC, Hing KA
Academia Materials Science, Academia.Edu Journals vol. 1 (1) 
05-11-2023
SSNMR confirms silicate ion substitution in the apatitic structure of 0.8wt% Si hydroxyapatite
Mafina M-K, Wilson R, Rees G, Gierth P, Sullivan A, Hing K
Academia Materials Science 
05-11-2023

2022

Photoelectrochemical Detection of Calcium Ions Based on Hematite Nanorod Sensors
Zhou B, Jiang Y, Guo Q, Das A, Jorge Sobrido A, Hing K, Zayats A, Krause S
Acs Applied Nano Materials, American Chemical Society 
10-11-2022
Hematite Nanorods as a Platform for Photoelectrochemical Imaging and Sensing
Krause S, Zhou B, Jiang Y, Guo Q, Das A, Sobrido AJ, Hing KA, Zayats AV
In Ssrn Electronic Journal 
01-01-2022
OSTEOGENIC ACTIVITY OF ACTIFUSE™ IS NOT ENHANCED BY PRE-ADSORBED BMP2
Kohnken-Sawall J, Rawlinson SCF, Hing KA
 
01-01-2022

2021

Photoelectrochemical imaging system with high spatiotemporal resolution for visualizing dynamic cellular responses
Zhou B, Das A, Zhong M, Guo Q, Zhang D-W, Hing KA, Sobrido AJ, Titirici M-M et al.
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Elsevier vol. 180 
02-03-2021

2020

Decellularized porcine xenograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A histological study in sheep comparing cross-pin and cortical suspensory femoral fixation
Hexter AT, Hing KA, Haddad FS, Blunn G
Bone and Joint Research, The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery vol. 9 (6), 293-301.  
17-06-2020

2019

Photoelectrochemical Imaging System for the Mapping of Cell Surface Charges.
Wu F, Zhou B, Wang J, Zhong M, Das A, Watkinson M, Hing K, Zhang D-W et al.
Anal Chem 
15-04-2019

2017

Use of a fluorescent probe to monitor the enhanced affinity of rh-BMP-2 to silicated-calcium phosphate synthetic bone graft substitutes under competitive conditions
Mafina MK, Sullivan AC, Hing KA
Materials Science and Engineering C vol. 80, 207-212.  
01-11-2017
The effect of the incorporation of fluoride into strontium containing bioactive glasses
Sriranganathan D, Chen X, Hing KA, Kanwal N, Hill RG
Journal of Non Crystalline Solids vol. 457, 25-30.  
01-02-2017

2016

Porous Bone Graft Substitutes
Campion C, Hing KA
In Mechanobiology, Wiley 347-371.  
23-12-2016
The effect of increased microporosity on bone formation within silicate-substituted scaffolds in an ovine posterolateral spinal fusion model.
Coathup MJ, Blunn GW, Campion C, Ho C-Y, Hing KA
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater vol. 105 (4), 805-814.  
14-01-2016

2015

Strontium substituted bioactive glasses for tissue engineered scaffolds: the importance of octacalcium phosphate
Sriranganathan D, Kanwal N, Hing KA, Hill RG
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Springer Nature vol. 27 (2) 
24-12-2015
Efficacy of silicate-substituted calcium phosphate with enhanced strut porosity as a standalone bone graft substitute and autograft extender in an ovine distal femoral critical defect model.
Hutchens SA, Campion C, Assad M, Chagnon M, Hing KA
J Mater Sci Mater Med vol. 27 (1), 20-20.  
18-12-2015
Apatite formation of bioactive glasses is enhanced by low additions of fluoride but delayed in the presence of serum proteins
Shah FA, Brauer DS, Hill RG, Hing KA
Materials Letters, Elsevier vol. 153, 143-147.  
01-08-2015

2014

Fluoride-containing bioactive glasses and Bioglass® 45S5 form apatite in low pH cell culture medium
Shah FA, Brauer DS, Desai N, Hill RG, Hing KA
Materials Letters vol. 119, 96-99.  
15-03-2014

2013

HMSC proliferation and differentiation are dependent on chemistry and surface roughness of calcium phosphate bone substitutes
Castagna V, Olivares-Navarrete R, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD, Hing KA
European Cells and Materials vol. 26 (SUPPL. 3) 
08-08-2013
Development of novel fluorescent probes for the analysis of protein interactions under physiological conditions with medical devices.
Mafina M-K, Hing KA, Sullivan AC
Langmuir vol. 29 (5), 1420-1426.  
05-02-2013
Antibacterial effect of incorporating silver ions in electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite coating: An experimental study.
Ghani Y, Coathup MJ, Hing KA, Blunn GW
Jrsm Short Rep vol. 4 (9) 
01-01-2013
Influence of cell culture medium composition on in vitro dissolution behavior of a fluoride-containing bioactive glass
Shah FA, Brauer DS, Wilson RM, Hill RG, Hing KA
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A 
01-01-2013
Biomimetic bone regeneration
Hing KA
, 207-237.  
01-01-2013
Contributor contact details
Ruys A, Tampieri A, Sprio S, Ehrlich H, Rabiei R, Dastjerdi AK, Mirkhalaf M, Barthelat F et al.
In Biomimetic Biomaterials, Elsevier ix-xi.  
01-01-2013
8 Biomimetic bone regeneration
Hing KA
In Biomimetic Biomaterials, Elsevier 207-237.  
01-01-2013

2012

Development of a hydroxyapatite coating containing silver for the prevention of peri-prosthetic infection.
Ghani Y, Coathup MJ, Hing KA, Blunn GW
J Orthop Res vol. 30 (3), 356-363.  
01-03-2012
Effect of increased strut porosity of calcium phosphate bone graft substitute biomaterials on osteoinduction
Coathup MJ, Hing KA, Samizadeh S, Chan O, Fang YS, Campion C, Buckland T, Blunn GW
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A 
01-01-2012
The effects of microporosity on osteoinduction of calcium phosphate bone graft substitute biomaterials
Chan O, Coathup MJ, Nesbitt A, Ho C-Y, Hing KA, Buckland T, Campion C, Blunn GW
Acta Biomaterialia 
01-01-2012
Microstructure and chemistry affects apatite nucleation on calcium phosphate bone graft substitutes
Campion CR, Ball SL, Clarke DL, Hing KA
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1-14.  
01-01-2012
Microstructure and chemistry affects the in vitro bioactivity of calcium phosphate bone graft substitutes
Campion R, Ball S, Clarke D, Hing K
 
01-01-2012
Microstructure and chemistry affects the in vitro bioactivity of calcium phosphate bone graft substitutes
Campion C, Ball S, Clarke D, Hing K
 
01-01-2012
Bioactivity And Bone Formation In Silicon-Substituted Hydroxyapatite
Ozad U, Parish A, Hing KA
Sakarya University Journal of Science, Lookus Bilisim vol. 16 (3), 170-177.  
01-01-2012

2011

The osteoinductivity of silicate-substituted calcium phosphate.
Coathup MJ, Samizadeh S, Fang YS, Buckland T, Hing KA, Blunn GW
J Bone Joint Surg Am vol. 93 (23), 2219-2226.  
07-12-2011
The quantitative and qualitative analysis bone ingrowth network quality of hydroxyapatite implants over time to investigate the process of internal bone growth via novel automated 3D image processing
Parish A, Davis G, Hing K
24th European Conference On Biomaterials Annual Conference of The European Society For Biomaterials 
01-12-2011
Fibronectin adsorption to stoichiometric and silicate substituted hydroxyapatite sensitive to FN concentration and presence of serum proteins
Castagna V, Sullivan A, Hing K
24th European Conference On Biomaterials Annual Conference of The European Society For Biomaterials 
01-12-2011
Effects of serum protein on ionic exchange between culture medium and microporous hydroxyapatite and silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite
Guth K, Campion C, Buckland T, Hing KA
Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine vol. 22 (10), 2155-2164.  
01-10-2011
Increasing strut porosity in silicate-substituted calcium-phosphate bone graft substitutes enhances osteogenesis
Campion CR, Chander C, Buckland T, Hing K
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials vol. 97 B (2), 245-254.  
01-05-2011
Behaviour of fibronectin on interaction with stoichiometric and silicate substituted hydroxyapatite bone graft substitiutes
Castagna V, Sullivan A, Hing KA
European Cells and Materials vol. 22 (SUPPL.2) 
01-01-2011
Recording and evaluating the effect of silicon-substitution on protein adsorption/desorption to hydroxyapatite
Mafina MK, Sullivan AC, Hing KA
European Cells and Materials vol. 22 (SUPPL.2) 
01-01-2011
Automated computation of 3D histomorphometry within implanted hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds
Parish AJB, Davis GR, Hing KA
European Cells and Materials vol. 22 (SUPPL.2) 
01-01-2011

2010

Tissue engineering
Hing K
Mater World vol. 18 (9), 28-30.  
01-09-2010
Surface physiochemistry affects protein adsorption to stoichiometric and silicate-substituted microporous hydroxyapatites
Guth K, Campion C, Buckland T, Hing KA
Advanced Engineering Materials vol. 12 (4), B113-B121.  
01-04-2010
Effect of silicate-substitution on attachment and early development of human osteoblast-like cells seeded on microporous hydroxyapatite discs
Guth K, Campion C, Buckland T, Hing KA
Advanced Engineering Materials vol. 12 (1-2), B26-B36.  
01-02-2010

2009

Monitoring the effect of silicate substitution on protein adsorption/desorption to hydroxyapatite
Mafina MK, Sullivan AC, Hing KA
European Cells and Materials vol. 18 (SUPPL. 2) 
01-07-2009
foamed ceramics
HING KA, Bonfield W
US Patent US8613876 B2. 
25-06-2009

2008

Osseoinduction by calcium phosphate bone substitutes is a function of chemical composition and structure
Samizadeh S, Amogbokpa J, Fang SC, Coathup MJ, Hing KA, Buckland T, Blunn GW
8th World Biomaterials Congress 2008 vol. 2 
01-12-2008
Biomaterials - Where biology, physics, chemistry, engineering and medicine meet
Hing KA
Journal of Physics Conference Series vol. 105 (1) 
01-03-2008
Biomaterials - Where Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine meet
Hing KA
 
01-01-2008
Nano-scale manipulation of silicate-substituted apatite chemistry impacts surface charge, hydrophilicity, protein adsorption and cell attachment.
Rashid N, Harding I, Buckland T, HING KA
International Journal of Nano and Biomaterials vol. 1 (3), 299-319.  
01-01-2008
Encouraging nature with ceramics: The roles of surface roughness and physio-chemistry on cell response to substituted apatites
Christophy C, Rashid N, Di Silvio L, Hing KA
 
01-01-2008

2007

Osteoclastic responses to phase pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and silicon (SI)-substituted HA
Mabilleau G, Xia Z, Hing KA, Buckland T, Sabokbar A
 
01-06-2007
Comparative performance of three ceramic bone graft substitutes.
Hing KA, Wilson LF, Buckland T
Spine J vol. 7 (4), 475-490.  
01-01-2007

2006

In vitro testing of Nd : YAG laser processed calcium phosphate coatings
De Carlos A, Lusquinos F, Pou J, Leon B, Perez-Amor M, Driessens FCM, Hing K, Best S et al.
 
01-11-2006
Effect of silicon level on rate, quality and progression of bone healing within silicate-substituted porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds.
Hing KA, Revell PA, Smith N, Buckland T
Biomaterials vol. 27 (29), 5014-5026.  
01-10-2006
In vitro testing of Nd : YAG laser processed calcium phosphate coatings.
De Carlos A, Lusquinos F, Pou J, Leon B, Perez-Amor M, Driessens FCM, HING KA, Best S et al.
Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine vol. 17 (11), 1153-1160.  
01-01-2006
Silicon dissolution from microporous silicon substituted hydroxyapatite and its effect on osteoblast behaviour
Guth K, Buckland T, Hing KA, Nakamura T, Yamashita K, Neo M
 
01-01-2006

2005

Surface charge and the effect of excess calcium ions on the hydroxyapatite surface.
Harding IS, Rashid N, Hing KA
Biomaterials vol. 26 (34), 6818-6826.  
01-12-2005
Hydroxyapatite promotes superior keratocyte adhesion and proliferation in comparison with current keratoprosthesis skirt materials
Mehta JS, Futter CE, Sandeman SR, Faragher RGAF, Hing KA, Tanner KE, Allan BDS
Brit J Ophthalmol vol. 89 (10), 1356-1362.  
01-10-2005
Microporosity enhances bioactivity of synthetic bone graft substitutes
Hing KA, Annaz B, Saeed S, Revell PA, Buckland T
 
01-05-2005
Microporosity enhances bioactivity of synthetic bone graft substitutes
HING KA, Annaz B, Saeed S, Revell PA, Buckland T
Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine vol. 16 (5), 467-475.  
01-01-2005
Bioceramic bone graft substitutes: Influence of porosity and chemistry
Hing KA
Int J Appl Ceram Tec vol. 2 (3), 184-199.  
01-01-2005

2004

Bone repair in the twenty-first century: biology, chemistry or engineering?
Hing KA
Philos Trans a Math Phys Eng Sci vol. 362 (1825), 2821-2850.  
15-12-2004
Effect of silicate substitution on the surface charge of hydroxyapatite
Rashid N, Harding I, Hing KA
Transactions 7th World Biomaterials Congress 
01-12-2004
Bone development is sensitive to silicon level in substituted apatites
Hing KA, Saeed S, Annaz B, Buckland T, Revell PA
Transactions 7th World Biomaterials Congress 
01-12-2004
Microporosity enhances bioactivity of synthetic bone graft substitutes
Hing KA, Saeed S, Annaz B, Buckland T, Revell PA
Transactions 7th World Biomaterials Congress 
01-12-2004
HA activates T cells and causes inflammation in liver and spleen from rabbits following intraosseous implantation
Saeed S, Hing K, Revell PA
Transactions 7th World Biomaterials Congress 
01-12-2004
The role of microporosity in synthetic porous ceramics
Annaz B, Hing KA, Kayser M, Buckland T, Di Silvio L
Transactions 7th World Biomaterials Congress 
01-12-2004
An ultrastructural study of cellular response to variation in porosity in phase-pure hydroxyapatite.
Annaz B, Hing KA, Kayser M, Buckland T, Di Silvio L
J Microsc vol. 216 (Pt 2), 97-109.  
01-11-2004
Porosity variation in hydroxyapatite and osteoblast morphology: a scanning electron microscopy study.
Annaz B, Hing KA, Kayser M, Buckland T, Di Silvio L
J Microsc vol. 215 (Pt 1), 100-110.  
01-07-2004
Microporosity affects bioactivity of macroporous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes
Hing KA, Saeed S, Annaz B, Buckland T, Revell PA, Barbosa MA, Monteiro FJ, Correia R et al.
 
01-01-2004
Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyaptite bone graft substitutes
HING KA, Tanner KE, Best SM, Bonfield W, Revell PA
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research vol. 68A, 187-200.  
01-01-2004
Novel Bioceramic Foams For Bone Grafting
HING KA, Revell PA, McInness T, Damien E
Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery - British Volume vol. 86-B Suppl I:II 
01-01-2004
Mediation of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes.
Hing KA, Best SM, Tanner KE, Bonfield W, Revell PA
J Biomed Mater Res A vol. 68 (1), 187-200.  
01-01-2004

2003

A preliminary study on the enhancement of the osteointegration of a novel synthetic hydroxyapatite scaffold in vivo.
Damien E, Hing K, Saeed S, Revell PA
J Biomed Mater Res A vol. 66 (2), 241-246.  
01-08-2003
Calcium phosphate coatings obtained by Nd:YAG laser cladding: physicochemical and biologic properties.
Lusquiños F, De Carlos A, Pou J, Arias JL, Boutinguiza M, León B, Pérez-Amor M, Driessens FCM et al.
J Biomed Mater Res A vol. 64 (4), 630-637.  
15-03-2003

2002

A comparative study on the in vivo behavior of hydroxyapatite and silicon substituted hydroxyapatite granules.
Patel N, Best SM, Bonfield W, Gibson IR, Hing KA, Damien E, Revell PA
J Mater Sci Mater Med vol. 13 (12), 1199-1206.  
01-12-2002
Characterisation of mono- and biphasic calcium phosphates granules
Ke S, Gibson IR, Hing KA, Brown S, Clarke I, Williams P
 
01-01-2002
Fabrication of porous hydroxyapatite by foam technique
Abdullah Y, Yusof MR, Besar I, Mustafa R, Hing KA
 
01-01-2002
The in vivo response of phase pure hydroxyapatite and carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite granules of varying size ranges
Patel N, Gibson IR, Hing KA, Best SM, Damien E, Revell PA, Bonfield W, Brown S et al.
 
01-01-2002
Enhanced in vivo response to silicate-substituted hydroxyapatite
Gibson IR, Hing KA, Revell PA, Santos JD, Best SM, Bonfield W, Brown S, Clarke I et al.
 
01-01-2002

2001

Insulin like growth factor (IGF-I) increases the bioactivity of porous hydroxyapatite (PHA) in vivo in rabbits.
Damien E, MacInnes T, Hing K, Revell PA
J Pathol vol. 193, 6A-6A.  
01-03-2001

2000

Influence of phase purity on the in vivo response to hydroxyapatite
Hing KA, Gibson IR, Revell PA, Best SM, Bonfield W, Giannini S, Moroni A
 
01-01-2000
Preparation and characterisation of hydroxyapatite and carbonate substituted hydroxyapatite granules
Patel N, Best SM, Gibson IR, Ke S, Hing KA, Bonfield W, Giannini S, Moroni A
 
01-01-2000

1999

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS ASSAYS FOR IN VITRO BIOCOMPATIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ZIRCONIA
Huang J, Hing KA, Best SM, Lee DA, Silvio LD, Bonfield W
Bioceramics. 
01-10-1999
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL GLASS-CERAMIC-REINFORCED HYRDROXYAPATITE COMPOSITE
Parsons NS, Hing KA, Buckland T, Best SM, Bonfield W
Bioceramics. 
01-10-1999
EFFECT OF CARBONATE CONTENT ON THE RESPONSE OF HUMAN OSTEOBLAST-LIKE CELLS TO CARBONATE SUBSTITUTED HYDROXYAPATITE
Hing KA, Merry JC, Gibson IR, Di-Silvio L, Best SM, Bonfield W
Bioceramics. 
01-10-1999
Characterization of porous hydroxyapatite.
Hing KA, Best SM, Bonfield W
J Mater Sci Mater Med vol. 10 (3), 135-145.  
01-03-1999
Macroporous hydroxyapatites: Potential drug delivery systems
Di Silvio L, Hing K, Bonfield W
Proceedings of The Controlled Release Society (26), 1152-1153.  
01-01-1999
Quantification of bone ingrowth within bone-derived porous hydroxyapatite implants of varying density.
Hing KA, Best SM, Tanner KE, Bonfield W, Revell PA
J Mater Sci Mater Med vol. 10 (10/11), 663-670.  
01-01-1999

1998

Prize-winning peeks at the microscopic world
Hing K, Knight M
 
01-12-1998
Histomorphological and biomechanical characterization of calcium phosphates in the osseous environment.
Hing KA, Best SM, Tanner KE, Revell PA, Bonfield W
Proc Inst Mech Eng H vol. 212 (6), 437-451.  
01-01-1998
A degradable drug delivery system for orthopaedic application
Di Silvio L, Hing K, Bonfield W, Haris PI, Chapman D
 
01-01-1998

1997

Biomechanical assessment of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite.
Hing KA, Best SM, Tanner KE, Bonfield W, Revell PA
J Mater Sci Mater Med vol. 8 (12), 731-736.  
01-12-1997
Effect of fluoride substitution on the biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite
Hing KA, Di Silvio L, Gibson IR, Ohtsuki C, Jha LJ, Best SM, Bonfield W, Sedel L et al.
 
01-01-1997
Biological evaluation of glass reinforced hydroxyapatite by flow cytometry
Lopes MA, Knowles JC, Hing KA, Santos JD, Monteiro FJ, Olsen I, Sedel L, Rey C
 
01-01-1997
Osseointegration of porous hydroxyapatite
Revell PA, Hing KA, Tanner KE, Best SM, Bonfield W, Schnettler R, Markgraf E
 
01-01-1997

1996

Histomorphometric and biomechanical assessment of bone ingrowth in porous hydroxyapatite
Hing KA, Best SM, Revell PA, Tanner KE, Bonfield W
Transactions of The Annual Meeting of The Society For Biomaterials in Conjunction With The International Biomaterials Symposium vol. 2 
01-12-1996
Assessment of porous hydroxyapatite for bone replacement
HING KA
 
01-01-1996

Photoelectrochemical detection of calcium ions based on hematite nanorod sensor substrates
Zhou B, Jiang Y, Guo Q, Das A, Sobrido A, Hing K, Zayats A, Krause S
In Chemrxiv 

Grants

solid heart iconGrants of specific relevance to Predictive in vitro Models
solid heart iconRAEng Research Chair Sept 2024 KA Hing
Karin Hing
£209,059 Royal Academy of Engineering
28-04-2025 - 27-04-2030
solid heart icon3D perfusion bioreactor studentship Baxter - EPSRC DTP CASE Conversion 2021
Karin Hing
£30,000 Baxter Healthcare Corporation
21-09-2021 - 20-03-2026
bullet iconSponsorship of P/T Student: Daniel Johnson
Karin Hing
£128,992 Apatech Ltd
01-02-2011 - 01-08-2026

solid heart iconKTP AKT (QMUL-Lucideon) - Radio Opaque Cements and Osteoclast Testing: Traceable Bio-Remodellable Cements
Karin Hing and Simon Rawlinson
£41,283 Innovate UK
25-03-2024 - 24-07-2024
solid heart iconKTP with Lucideon: Cell testing to assist development of novel biomaterials
Karin Hing and Simon Rawlinson
£256,237 Innovate UK
17-02-2021 - 17-02-2024
bullet iconBioresorbable bioactive composites Kick off
Karin Hing and Emiliano Bilotti
£50,243 Baxter Healthcare Corporation
11-01-2021 - 22-01-2025
bullet iconBioactive bioresorbable composites for load bearing guided bone regeneration
Karin Hing
£29,000 Baxter Healthcare Corporation
01-10-2020 - 30-09-2024
bullet iconDevelopment of mechanically enhanced osteoinductive synthetic bone graft substitutes
Karin Hing
£87,500 Apatech Ltd
01-10-2017 - 31-03-2022
bullet iconDoctoral Educational Research Agreement
Karin Hing
£79,714 Baxter Healthcare Corporation
01-01-2015 - 31-03-2022