Prof Steve Greenwald
Professor of Cardiovascular Mechanics
Blizard Institute
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
Research
Arterial wave propagation, Arterial stiffness, Non-invasive cardiovascular diagnostics
Interests
I am involved in a project aimed at developing a stick-on skin sensor patch for the acoustic detection of coronary artery stenosis for which in-vitro models of the main anatomical structures in the chest are necessary. This work, originally funded by an EPSRC project grant, started with a crude model set-up consisting only of a piezo-electric vibrator to simulate the disturbed/turbulent flow associated with a stenosed artery and a detector (microphone/accelerometer) between which were positioned various soft tissue-mimicking gels. Shear and transverse waves were generated and detected in this system and their propagation, modelled numerically. This simple physical model has progressed to a crude chest phantom consisting of a latex ‘coronary artery’ embedded in a soft-tissue mimicking gel fitted with stenoses of various geometries, surrounded by a polyurethane “skin”, through which fluid is pumped. The detector has now progressed to an adhesive patch containing 8 accelerometer/microphone pairs, attached to the model’s skin and the complex signals obtained show that disturbed flow can be detected. We have funding for a small clinical trial, involving simultaneous patch and angiographic measurements, pending ethics and MHRA approval, but the data generated from patients is much more complex than that produced by our current phantom. On the basis of preliminary work into the feasibility of using a machine learning approach to determine, not only the presence or absence of a stenosis but also its location and severity, we have established that a K-Nearest-Neighbours and Random-Forest ensemble approach works with simple in-silico data. However, a more realistic model incorporating a moving heart, lungs and bone, plus coronary arteries is needed to provide data in sufficient quantity to provide an adequate training and testing environment for the ML algorithms and to augment the obviously more limited in-vivo data from patients with and without occlusive arterial disease.Publications
Publications of specific relevance to Predictive in vitro Models2025
Wang Y, Wang A, Wang L, Tan W, Xu L, Wang J, Li S, Liu J, Sun Y, Yang B and Greenwald S (2025). Automated pericardium segmentation and epicardial adipose tissue quantification from computed tomography images. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control vol. 100, 2024
Li Z, Du J, Zhu B, Greenwald SE, Xu L, Yao Y and Bao N (2024). Doppler Radar Sensor-Based Fall Detection Using a Convolutional Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model. MDPI Sensors vol. 24, (16) Shibib L, Al-Qaisi M, Guess N, Miras AD, Greenwald SE, Pelling M and Ahmed A (2024). Manipulation of Post-Prandial Hyperglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes: An Update for Practitioners. Taylor & Francis Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity vol. 17, 3111-3130. Badhwar S, Marais L, Khettab H, Poli F, Li Y, Segers P, Aasmul S, de Melis M, Baets R, Greenwald S, Bruno RM and Boutouyrie P (2024). Clinical Validation of Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement Using a Multi-Beam Laser Vibrometer: The CARDIS Study. Wolters Kluwer Hypertension vol. 81, (9) 1986-1995. Zhou S, Xu K, Fang Y, Alastruey J, Vennin S, Yang J, Wang J, Xu L, Wang X and Greenwald SE (2024). Patient-specific non-invasive estimation of the aortic blood pressure waveform by ultrasound and tonometry. Elsevier Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine vol. 247, 2023
Li X, Ji L, Zhang R, You H, Xu L, Greenwald SE, Sun Y, Zhang L and Yang B (2023). COACT: Coronary artery centerline tracker. Wiley Medical Physics vol. 51, (5) 3541-3554. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Xu L, Qi S, Yao Y, Qian W, Greenwald SE and Qi L (2023). TSP-UDANet: two-stage progressive unsupervised domain adaptation network for automated cross-modality cardiac segmentation. Springer Nature Neural Computing and Applications vol. 35, (30) 22189-22207. Wang Q, Xu L, Wang L, Yang X, Sun Y, Yang B and Greenwald SE (2023). Automatic coronary artery segmentation of CCTA images using UNet with a local contextual transformer. Frontiers Frontiers in Physiology vol. 14, 
Ri J, Pang N, Bai S, Xu J, Xu L, Ri S, Yao Y and Greenwald SE (2023). Three-dimensional numerical analysis of wall stress induced by asymmetric oscillation of microbubble trains inside micro-vessels. AIP Publishing Physics of Fluids vol. 35, (1) 2022
Hu S, Greenwald S, Dwyer V, Spigulis J and Guo Y (2022). Editorial: In vivo opto-physiological imaging. Frontiers Frontiers in Physics vol. 10, Song A, Xu L, Wang L, Wang B, Yang X, Xu B, Yang B and Greenwald SE (2022). Automatic Coronary Artery Segmentation of CCTA Images With an Efficient Feature-Fusion-and-Rectification 3D-UNet. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics vol. 26, (8) 4044-4055. Shibib L, Al-Qaisi M, Ahmed A, Miras AD, Nott D, Pelling M, Greenwald SE and Guess N (2022). Reversal and Remission of T2DM – An Update for Practitioners. Taylor & Francis Vascular Health and Risk Management vol. 18, 417-443. Yao Y, Zhou S, Alastruey J, Hao L, Greenwald SE, Zhang Y and Xu L (2022). Estimation of central pulse wave velocity from radial pulse wave analysis. Elsevier Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine vol. 219, Xu L, Zhou S, Wang L, Yao Y, Hao L, Qi L, Han H, Mukkamala R and Greenwald SE (2022). Improving the accuracy and robustness of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurement using a simplified tube-load model. Springer Nature Scientific Reports vol. 12, (1) Cui H, Wang Z, Yu B, Jiang F, Geng N, Li Y, Xu L, Zheng D, Zhang B, Lu P and Greenwald SE (2022). Statistical Analysis of the Consistency of HRV Analysis Using BCG or Pulse Wave Signals. MDPI Sensors vol. 22, (6) Liu W, Du S, Zhou S, Mei T, Zhang Y, Sun G, Song S, Xu L, Yao Y and Greenwald SE (2022). Noninvasive estimation of aortic pressure waveform based on simplified Kalman filter and dual peripheral artery pressure waveforms. Elsevier Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine vol. 219, Sun Y, Li X-G, Xu K, Hou J, You H-R, Zhang R-R, Qi M, Zhang L-B, Xu L-S, Greenwald SE and Yang B-Q (2022). Relationship between epicardial fat volume on cardiac CT and atherosclerosis severity in three-vessel coronary artery disease: a single-center cross-sectional study. Springer Nature BMC Cardiovascular Disorders vol. 22, (1) Cao Y, Liu W, Zhang S, Xu L, Zhu B, Cui H, Geng N, Han H and Greenwald SE (2022). Detection and Localization of Myocardial Infarction Based on Multi-Scale ResNet and Attention Mechanism. Frontiers Frontiers in Physiology vol. 13, Zheng D, Yao Y, Morrison I and Greenwald S (2022). 7 Photoplethysmographic assessment of arterial stiffness and endothelial function. Photoplethysmography Elsevier 2021
Xu B, Yang B, Xiao J, Song A, Wang B, Wang L, Xu L, Greenwald SE and Yao Y (2021). Estimation of coronary artery movement using a non-rigid registration with global-local structure preservation. Elsevier Computers in Biology and Medicine vol. 141, Ma C, Lin C, Samuel OW, Guo W, Zhang H, Greenwald S, Xu L and Li G (2021). A Bi-Directional LSTM Network for Estimating Continuous Upper Limb Movement from Surface Electromyography. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters vol. 6, (4) 7217-7224. Zhang B, Li H, Xu L, Qi L, Yao Y and Greenwald SE (2021). Noncontact Heart Rate Measurement Using a Webcam, Based on Joint Blind Source Separation and a Skin Reflection Model: For a Wide Range of Imaging Conditions. Journal of Sensors vol. 2021, Li X, Sun Y, Xu L, Greenwald SE, Zhang L, Zhang R, You H and Yang B (2021). Automatic quantification of epicardial adipose tissue volume. Wiley Medical Physics vol. 48, (8) 4279-4290. Liu W, Li Z, Wang Y, Song D, Ji N, Xu L, Mei T, Sun Y and Greenwald SE (2021). Aortic pressure waveform reconstruction using a multi-channel Newton blind system identification algorithm. Elsevier Computers in Biology and Medicine vol. 135, Godinho MSC, Thorpe CT, Greenwald SE and Screen H (2021). Elastase treatment of tendon specifically impacts the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix. Elsevier Acta Biomaterialia 2020
Bard A, Greenwald S and Sarkar S (2020). P.44 Application of an Algorithm Developed for Measuring Gastrointestinal Motility to the Assessment of Arterial Mechanical Properties. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 26, (Suppl 1) s66-s67. Zhu Z, Li J, Zhang S, Geng N, Xu L and Greenwald SE (2020). Quality evaluation of signals collected by portable ECG devices using dimensionality reduction and flexible model integration. Physiological Measurement vol. 41, (10) Xu L, Zhang Y, Meng L, Li S, Niu L, Greenwald SE, Zhang H and Wang L (2020). Ultrasound Assessment of the Relation between Local Hemodynamic Parameters and Plaque Morphology. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE Access vol. 8, 145149-145158. Li Y, Marais L, Khettab H, Quan Z, Aasmul S, Leinders R, Schüler R, Morrissey PE, Greenwald S, Segers P, Vanslembrouck M, Bruno RM, Boutouyrie P, O’Brien P, de Melis M and Baets R (2020). Silicon photonics-based laser Doppler vibrometer array for carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurement. Biomedical Optics Express vol. 11, (7) 3913-3913. Wang H, Wang L, Sun N, Yao Y, Hao L, Xu L and Greenwald SE (2020). Quantitative Comparison of the Performance of Piezoresistive, Piezoelectric, Acceleration, and Optical Pulse Wave Sensors. Frontiers Frontiers in Physiology vol. 10, 2019
Petkos K, Koutsoftidis S, Guiho T, Degenaar P, Jackson A, Greenwald SE, Brown P, Denison T and Drakakis EM (2019). A high-performance 8 nV/√Hz 8-channel wearable and wireless system for real-time monitoring of bioelectrical signals. Springer Nature Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation vol. 16, (1) Qi L, Yu H, Xu L, Mpanda RS and Greenwald SE (2019). Robust heart-rate estimation from facial videos using Project_ICA. IOP Publishing Physiological Measurement vol. 40, (8) Tommasin D, Caenen A, Verhegghe B, Greenwald S and Segers P (2019). Physics of Within-Tissue Wave Propagation Generated by Pulse Propagation in the Carotid Artery. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL vol. 9, (14) Mancini V, Tommasin D, Li Y, Reeves J, Baets R, Greenwald S, Segers P and CARDIS consortium (2019). Detecting carotid stenosis from skin vibrations using Laser Doppler Vibrometry - An in vitro proof-of-concept. PLoS One vol. 14, (6) e0218317-e0218317. 2018
Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Qi L, Xu L, Sun X, Chu X, Liu Y, Zhang T and Greenwald SE (2018). Evaluation of cardiorespiratory function during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in untreated hypertensive and healthy subjects. Frontiers Media Frontiers in Physiology vol. 9, (NOV) Zhang Y, Qi L, Xu L, Sun X, Liu W, Zhou S, van de Vosse F and Greenwald SE (2018). Effects of exercise modalities on central hemodynamics, arterial stiffness and cardiac function in cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Public Library of Science (PLoS) PLOS ONE vol. 13, (7) Gutiérrez‐Arzapalo PY, Rodríguez‐Rodríguez P, Ramiro‐Cortijo D, de Pablo ÁLL, López‐Giménez MR, Condezo‐Hoyos L, Greenwald SE, del Carmen González M and Arribas SM (2018). Role of fetal nutrient restriction and postnatal catch‐up growth on structural and mechanical alterations of rat aorta. Wiley The Journal of Physiology vol. 596, (23) 5791-5806. Tommasin D, Li Y, Reeves J, Baets R, Greenwald S and Segers P (2018). P168 Feasibility Study of Local Pulse Wave Velocity Estimation in the Carotid Artery with Multi-Beam Laser Doppler Vibrometer. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 24, (1) 129-130. Marais L, Aasmul S, Baets R, De Melis M, Greenwald SE, Khettab H, Li Y, Prinzen F, Reesink K, Segers P and Boutouyrie P (2018). P51 Non-Contact Measurement of Local Carotid and Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity by Laser Doppler Vibrometry: Validation of a New Device Against Reference Techniques in Hypertensive Patients. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 24, (1) 93-93. Mancini V, Tommasin D, Li Y, Baets R, Greenwald S and Segers P (2018). 4.4 Can Laser Doppler Vibrometer Detect Carotid Stenosis from Skin Vibrations? Hydraulic Bench Tests on Patient-Specific Model. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 24, (1) 76-76. 2017
Godinho MSC, Thorpe CT, Greenwald SE and Screen HRC (2017). Elastin is Localised to the Interfascicular Matrix of Energy Storing Tendons and Becomes Increasingly Disorganised With Ageing. Scientific Reports vol. 7, (1) 2016
Senaphan K, Sangartit W, Pakdeechote P, Kukongviriyapan V, Pannangpetch P, Thawornchinsombut S, Greenwald SE and Kukongviriyapan U (2016). Rice bran protein hydrolysates reduce arterial stiffening, vascular remodeling and oxidative stress in rats fed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Springer Nature European Journal of Nutrition vol. 57, (1) 219-230. Forouhi NG, Menon RK, Sharp SJ, Mannan N, Timms PM, Martineau AR, Rickard AP, Boucher BJ, Chowdhury TA, Griffiths CJ, Greenwald SE, Griffin SJ and Hitman GA (2016). Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Wiley Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism vol. 18, (4) 392-400. Godinho MSC, Screen HRC, Greenwald SE and Thorpe CT (2016). Elastin is more abundant in energy storing tendons and is localised to the tendon interfascicular matrix. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY vol. 97, (6) A3-A4. 2015
Senaphan K, Kukongviriyapan U, Sangartit W, Pakdeechote P, Pannangpetch P, Prachaney P, Greenwald SE and Kukongviriyapan V (2015). Ferulic Acid Alleviates Changes in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome Induced by High-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet. MDPI Nutrients vol. 7, (8) 6446-6464. Brewin MP, Birch MJ, Mehta DJ, Reeves JW, Shaw S, Kruse C, Whiteman JR, Hu S, Kenz ZR, Banks HT and Greenwald SE (2015). Characterisation of Elastic and Acoustic Properties of an Agar-Based Tissue Mimicking Material. Springer Nature Annals of Biomedical Engineering vol. 43, (10) 2587-2596. 2014
Sangartit W, Kukongviriyapan U, Donpunha W, Pakdeechote P, Kukongviriyapan V, Surawattanawan P and Greenwald SE (2014). Tetrahydrocurcumin Protects against Cadmium-Induced Hypertension, Raised Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Remodeling in Mice., Editors: Gupta S. Public Library of Science PLoS ONE vol. 9, (12) e114908-e114908. Boonla O, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P, Kukongviriyapan V, Pannangpetch P, Prachaney P and Greenwald SE (2014). Curcumin improves endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling in 2K-1C hypertensive rats by raising nitric oxide availability and reducing oxidative stress. Nitric Oxide vol. 42, 44-53. Brewin MP, Srodon PD, Greenwald SE and Birch MJ (2014). Carotid atherosclerotic plaque characterisation by measurement of ultrasound sound speed in vitro at high frequency, 20 MHz. Ultrasonics vol. 54, (2) 428-441. Louis-Auguste J, Greenwald S, Simuyandi M, Soko R, Banda R and Kelly P (2014). High dose multiple micronutrient supplementation improves villous morphology in environmental enteropathy without HIV enteropathy: results from a double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial in Zambian adults. BMC Gastroenterol vol. 14, Banks HT, Birch MJ, Brewin MP, Greenwald SE, Hu S, Kenz ZR, Kruse C, Maischak M, Shaw S and Whiteman JR (2014). High-order space-time finite element schemes for acoustic and viscodynamic wave equations with temporal decoupling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING vol. 98, (2) 131-156. Gardiner HM, Matsui H, Roughton M, Greenwald SE, Diemert A, Taylor MJO and Hecher K (2014). Cardiac function in 10-year-old twins following different fetal therapies for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY vol. 43, (6) 652-657. Banks HT, Hu S, Kenz ZR, Kruse C, Shaw S, Whiteman J, Brewin MP, Greenwald SE and Birch MJ (2014). MODEL VALIDATION FOR A NONINVASIVE ARTERIAL STENOSIS DETECTION PROBLEM. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING vol. 11, (3) 427-448. Shcherbakova DA, Papadacci C, Swillens A, Caenen A, De Bock S, Saey V, Chiers K, Tanter M, Greenwald SE, Pernot M and Segers P (2014). Supersonic Shear Wave Imaging to Assess Arterial Nonlinear Behavior and Anisotropy: Proof of Principle via Ex Vivo Testing of the Horse Aorta. SAGE Publications Advances in Mechanical Engineering vol. 2014, 2013
Hoonjan B, Dulai R, Ahmed Z, Lucey A, Twycross-Lewis R, Morrissey D and Greenwald SE (2013). Comparing the effect of moderate intensity exercise on arterial stiffness in resistance trained athletes, endurance trained athletes and sedentary controls: A cross-sectional observational study. Artery Research vol. 7, (3-4) 216-221. Greenwald S, Brown A, Roberts A and Clubb F (2013). Biological Assays: Cellular Level. Biomedical Technology and Devices, Second Edition Taylor & Francis Banks HT, Hu S, Kenz ZR, Kruse C, Shaw S, Whiteman JR, Brewin MP, Greenwald SE and Birch MJ (2013). Material parameter estimation and hypothesis testing on a 1D viscoelastic stenosis model: Methodology. De Gruyter Journal of Inverse and III-posed Problems vol. 21, (1) 25-57. Phababpha S, Kukongviriyapan U, Pakdeechote P, Senggunprai L, Kukongviriyapan V, Settasatian C, Tatsanavivat P, Intharaphet P, Senthong V, Komanasin N, Settasatian N and Greenwald SE (2013). Association of arterial stiffness with single nucleotide polymorphism rs1333049 and metabolic risk factors. CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY vol. 12, Sun Y, Hu S, Azorin-Peris V, Kalawsky R and Greenwald S (2013). Noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to effectively access pulse rate variability. PubMed Journal of biomedical optics vol. 18, (6) Rachev A, Greenwald S and Shazly T (2013). Are Geometrical and Structural Variations Along the Length of the Aorta Governed by a Principle of Optimal Mechanical Operation? JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME vol. 135, (8) Louis-Auguste J, Greenwald S, Banda R and Kelly P (2013). MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES SMALL BOWEL HISTOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE AND ABSORPTIVE AREA IN ZAMBIAN ADULTS. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM vol. 63, 1354-1354. Greenwald SE, Banks HT, Birch MJ, Brewin MP, Hu S, Kenz ZR, Kruse C, Mehta D, Reeves J, Shaw S and Whiteman JR (2013). P2.20: Acoustic Localisation of Coronary Artery Stenosis: Wave Propagation in Soft Tissue Mimicking Gels. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 7, (3-4) 124-124. Shaw S, Whiteman JR, Greenwald SE, Kruse C, Banks HT, Birch MJ, Kenz ZR, Reeves J, Hu S and Brewin MP (2013). P2.18: Towards Computational Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 7, (3-4) 123-124. Greenwald SE, Brown AG, Roberts A and Clubb FJ (2013). Histology and Staining. Biomedical Technology and Devices, Second Edition 2012
Dulai R, Perry M, Twycross-Lewis R, Morrissey D, Atzeni F and Greenwald S (2012). The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α antagonists on arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis: a literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum vol. 42, (1) 1-8. Shaw S, Kruse C, Whiteman , Greenwald , Brewin M and Birch M (2012). ON THE POTENTIAL OF COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE. Elsevier Journal of Biomechanics vol. 45, Brewin M, Greenwald , Shaw S, Kruse C, Whiteman and Birch M (2012). CHARACTERISATION OF AGAROSE GEL AS A TISSUE MIMIC MATERIAL (TMM) FOR USE IN AN ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST OBJECT INVESTIGATING THE ACOUSTIC LOCALISATION OF CORONARY STENOSIS. Elsevier Journal of Biomechanics vol. 45, Gardiner HM, Barlas A, Matsui H, Diemart A, Taylor MJO, Preece J, Gordon F, GREENWALD SE and Hecher K (2012). Vascular programming in twins: the effects of chorionicity and fetal therapy for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. , 2012. 3: 182 - 189. Cambridge Journals Online Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease vol. 3, (3) 182-189. Detchaporn P, Kukongviriyapan U, Prawan A, Jetsrisuparb A, Greenwald S and Kukongviriyapan V (2012). Altered Vascular Function, Arterial Stiffness, and Antioxidant Gene Responses in Pediatric Thalassemia Patients. Springer Verlag Sun Y, Papin C, Azorin-Peris V, Kalawsky R, GREENWALD SE and Hu S (2012). Use of ambient light in remote photoplethysmographic systems: comparison between a high-performance camera and a low-cost webcam. - 037005-10. SPIE Digital Library Journal of Biomedical Optics vol. 17, (3) 037005-1-037005-10. Sun Y, Papin C, Azorin-Peris V, Kalawsky R, Greenwald S and Hu S (2012). Use of ambient light in remote photoplethysmographic systems: comparison between a high-performance camera and a low-cost webcam. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS vol. 17, (3) Gardiner HM, Barlas A, Matsui H, Diemert A, Taylor MJO, Preece J, Gordon F, Greenwald SE and Hecher K (2012). Vascular programming in twins: the effects of chorionicity and fetal therapy for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Cambridge Journals Online Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease vol. 3, (3) 182-189. Detchaporn P, Kukongviriyapan U, Prawan A, Jetsrisuparb A, Greenwald SE and Kukongviriyapan V (2012). Altered vascular function, arterial stiffness, and antioxidant gene responses in pediatric thalassemia patients. Springer LInk Pediatric cardiology vol. 33, (7) 1054-1060. Kumar A, Ray PST, Morissey D, Twycross-Lewis R and Greenwald SE (2012). P2.25 The Effect of Muscularity and Handedness on Radial Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity in Healthy Volunteers. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 6, (4) 170-171. Evagora C, Hillery C, Timmins LH, Das E, Badye S, Moore JE, Martin JE and Greenwald SE (2012). 3.4 Characterisation of the Two-Layered Media in the Mammalian Carotid Artery. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 6, (4) 146-146. 2011
Hoonjan B, Dulai R, Ahmed M, Lucey A, Morrissey D, Twycross-Lewis R and Greenwald S (2011). The effect of moderate intensity exercise on arterial stiffness in resistance trained athletes, endurance trained athletes and sedentary controls: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ British Journal of Sports Medicine vol. 45, (15) Dulai R, Ahmed M, Morrissey D, Twycross-Lewis R and Greenwald S (2011). Arterial stiffness before and after moderate intensity exercise in athletes and controls: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ British Journal of Sports Medicine vol. 45, (2) Cohen RD, Brown CL, Nickols C, Levey P, Boucher BJ, Greenwald SE and Wang W (2011). Inbuilt mechanisms for overcoming functional problems inherent in hepatic microlobular structure. Comput Math Methods Med vol. 2011, Sun Y, Hu S, Azorin-Peris V, Greenwald S, Chambers J and Zhu Y (2011). Motion-compensated noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to monitor cardiorespiratory status during exercise. Journal of biomedical optics vol. 16, (7) Yu S, Hu S, Azorin-Peris V, Zheng J, Greenwald SE, Chambers J and Zhu Y (2011). Detection of physiological changes after exercise via a remote opto-physiological imaging system. 2010
Gardiner HM, Matsui H, Hecher K, Diemert A, Taylor M, Greenwald S, Barlas A, Preece J and Gordon F (2010). OC15.04: Vascular development and responses in twins: influence of monochorionicity, inter‐twin transfusion and fetal therapy. Wiley Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology vol. 36, (S1) 30-30. Timmins LH, Wu QF, Yeh AT, Moore JE and Greenwald SE (2010). Structural inhomogeneity and fiber orientation in the inner arterial media. AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C vol. 298, (5) H1537-H1545. 2009
Kips J, Ayoola O, Greenwald S, Balogun W, Clayton P, Van Bortel L, Segers P and Cruickshank JK (2009). P2.01 Initial Data on the Natural History of Apwv in West African Infants. Springer Nature Artery Research vol. 3, (4) 177-177. 2007
Greenwald SE (2007). Ageing of the conduit arteries. J Pathol vol. 211, (2) 157-172. 2006
Screen HRC, Chhaya VH, Greenwald SE, Bader DL, Lee DA and Shelton JC (2006). The influence of swelling and matrix degradation on the microstructural integrity of tendon. Acta Biomater vol. 2, (5) 505-513. GREENWALD SE, Screen HRC, Shelton JA, Bader DA, Lee DA and Chhaya VH (2006). Tendon Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics. Acta Biomateriala vol. 2, 505-513. Janzén E, Son NT, Magnusson B and Ellison A (2006). Intrinsic defects in high-purity SiC. Elsevier Microelectronic Engineering vol. 83, (1) 130-134. 2004
Greenwald SE (2004). Modelling emboli with floating fir cones. BMJ vol. 329, (7480) 1433-1434. Kelly P, Menzies I, Crane R, Zulu I, Nickols C, Feakins R, Mwansa J, Mudenda V, Katubulushi M, Greenwald S and Farthing M (2004). Responses of small intestinal architecture and function over time to environmental factors in a tropical population. Am J Trop Med Hyg vol. 70, (4) 412-419. 2003
Rachev A and Greenwald SE (2003). Residual strains in conduit arteries (vol 36, pg 661, 2003). J BIOMECH vol. 36, (11) 1751-1751. Rachev A and Greenwald SE (2003). Erratum: Residual strains in conduit arteries (Journal of Biomechanics (2003) 36 (661-670)). Journal of Biomechanics vol. 36, (11) Rachev A and Greenwald SE (2003). Residual strains in conduit arteries (vol 36, pg 661, 2003). J BIOMECH vol. 36, (7) 1067-1067. Rachev A and Greenwald SE (2003). Residual strains in conduit arteries. J Biomech vol. 36, (5) 661-670. Gardiner HM, Taylor MJO, Karatza A, Vanderheyden T, Huber A, Greenwald SE, Fisk NM and Hecher K (2003). Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: the influence of intrauterine laser photocoagulation on arterial distensibility in childhood. Circulation vol. 107, (14) 1906-1911. GREENWALD SE and Brown AG (2003). Histology and Staining. Biomedical Technology and Devices Handbook. Moore JE, Zouridakis (eds) CRC Press 2002
McMahon AC, Greenwald SE, Dodd SM, Hurst MJ and Raine AEG (2002). Prolonged calcium transients and myocardial remodelling in early experimental uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant vol. 17, (5) 759-764. Kelly P, Menzies I, Crane R, Zulu I, Nickols C, Feakins R, Mudenda V, Katubulushi M, Greenwald S and Farthing M (2002). Tropical enteropathy: A dynamic response to environmental influences. GUT vol. 50, A91-A91. Greenwald SE (2002). Pulse pressure and arterial elasticity. QJM vol. 95, (2) 107-112. Loukogeorgakis S, Dawson R, Phillips N, Martyn CN and Greenwald SE (2002). Validation of a device to measure arterial pulse wave velocity by a photoplethysmographic method. Physiological measurement vol. 23, (3) 581-596. 2001
Richardson G, Moore AR, Greenwald SE, Benjamin N and Rothman MT (2001). A copper-containing polymer coating generates nitric oxide to inhibit platelet aggregation without inducing inflammation: A possible stent coating? AM J CARDIOL vol. 88, (5A) 14G-14G. Gardiner HM, Taylor MO, Karatza A, Greenwald SE and Hecher K (2001). Fetal determinants of arterial stiffness: a monochorionic twin study. EUR HEART J vol. 22, 236-236. Sheaff M, Campbell J, Millar J, Feneley M, Greenwald S and Baithun SI (2001). Is angiogenesis related to prognosis in adenocarcinoma of the prostate? J PATHOL vol. 193, 46A-46A. Bose M, Nickols C, Greenwald S, Feakins R, Perrett D and Farthing M (2001). 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in colonic mucosa in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Assessment by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GUT vol. 48, A57-A57. GREENWALD SE, Hayashi K, Rachev A, Meister J-J and Stergiopulos N (2001). Techniques in the Determination of the Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Laws of Arterial Wallls. Cardiovascular Technques (Biomechanical Systems: Techniques and Applications). Leondes CT (ed) CRC Press Stergiopulos N, Vulliémoz S, Rachev A, Meister JJ and Greenwald SE (2001). Assessing the homogeneity of the elastic properties and composition of the pig aortic media. J Vasc Res vol. 38, (3) 237-246. GREENWALD SE, Meister J-J, Pannatier A, Rachev A and Stergiopulos N (2001). Assessment of mechanical inhomogeneity in the arterial wall by an artery inversion test. Cardiovascular Engineering vol. 1, 31-36. 2000
Kelly P, Greenwald SE, Menzies I, Crane R, Feakins R, Zulu I, Mudenda V and Farthing MJ (2000). Differential variation in jejunal structure and function in tropical and HIV-related enteropathy. Elsevier Gastroenterology vol. 118, (4) Greenwald SE and Berry CL (2000). Improving vascular grafts: the importance of mechanical and haemodynamic properties. J Pathol vol. 190, (3) 292-299. 1998
Hopkins I, Greenwald S, Berry CL and Berney DM (1998). Quantitative changes in adult rat kidneys subjected to maternal protein deprivation. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY vol. 186, 34A-34A. 1997
Berney DM, Desai M, Palmer DJ, Greenwald S, Brown A, Hales CN and Berry CL (1997). The effects of maternal protein deprivation on the fetal rat pancreas: major structural changes and their recuperation. Wiley The Journal of Pathology vol. 183, (1) 109-115. Brodsky GV, Kagan II, Lower AM, Grudzinskas JG, Coumbe AM and Greenwald SE (1997). P-245. Morphology of the Fallopian tube in relation to significant genital tract pathology. Oxford University Press (OUP) Human Reproduction vol. 12, (Suppl_2) 234-234. Bertram CD, Gow BS and Greenwald SE (1997). Comparison of different methods for the determination of the true wave propagation coefficient, in rubber tubes and the canine thoracic aorta. Medical engineering & physics vol. 19, (3) 212-222. Greenwald SE, Moore JE, Rachev A, Kane TP and Meister JJ (1997). Experimental investigation of the distribution of residual strains in the artery wall. Journal of biomechanical engineering vol. 119, (4) 438-444. Martyn CN and Greenwald SE (1997). Impaired synthesis of elastin in walls of aorta and large conduit arteries during early development as an initiating event in pathogenesis of systemic hypertension. Lancet vol. 350, (9082) 953-955. 1996
Martyn CN and Greenwald SE (1996). Pulse wave velocity as a marker of vascular disease. Lancet vol. 348, (9041) Badreck-Amoudi A, Patel CK, Kane TP and Greenwald SE (1996). The effect of age on residual strain in the rat aorta. Journal of biomechanical engineering vol. 118, (4) 440-444. 1995
(1995). Erratum. Elsevier Biorheology vol. 32, (5) Rachev A, Greenwald SE, Kane TPC, Moore JE and Meister JJ (1995). Analysis of the strain and stress distribution in the wall of the developing and mature rat aorta. SAGE Publications Biorheology vol. 32, (4) 473-485. Martyn CN, Barker DJ, Jespersen S, Greenwald S, Osmond C and Berry C (1995). Growth in utero, adult blood pressure, and arterial compliance. BMJ Heart vol. 73, (2) Rachev A, Greenwald SE, Kane TP, Moore JE and Meister JJ (1995). Analysis of the strain and stress distribution in the wall of the developing and mature rat aorta. Biorheology vol. 32, (4) 473-485. Pollock L, Rampling D, Greenwald SE and Malone M (1995). Desmin expression in rhabdomyosarcoma: influence of the desmin clone and immunohistochemical method. Journal of clinical pathology vol. 48, (6) 535-538. Vulliemoz S, Stergiopulos N, Greenwald SE, Pannatier A and Meister J-J (1995). Modele a Deux Couches de la Paroi Arterielle: Proprietes Elastiques et Distribution Des Contraintes. Taylor & Francis Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry vol. 103, (3) c46-c46. Saini A, Berry C and Greenwald S (1995). Effect of Age and Sex on Residual Stress in the Aorta. Karger Publishers Journal of Vascular Research vol. 32, (6) 398-405. RACHEV A, GREENWALD SE, KANE TPC, MOORE JE and MEISTER JJ (1995). ANALYSIS OF THE STRAIN AND STRESS-DISTRIBUTION IN THE WALL OF THE DEVELOPING AND MATURE RAT AORTA (VOL 32, PG 477, 1995). BIORHEOLOGY vol. 32, (5) 589-589. 1994
Hsiang YN, Crespo MT, Houston GTM, To EC, Todd ME, Sobeh MS, Greenwald SE and Bower RD (1994). Selective treatment of atherosclerosis using photodynamic therapy in the Yucatan miniswine: preliminary results. SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering vol. 2130, 53-58. Sobeh MS, Chan P, Greenwald SE, Ham RJ, Wood AJ, Cross FW and Hsiang YN (1994). Suppression of neointimal hyperplasia by photodynamic therapy: in vitro and in vivo results. SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering vol. 2130, 47-52. Rachev A, Greenwald SE, Kane TPC, Moore JE, Drenska S and Meister JJ (1994). Analysis of the effect of aging on the strain and stress distribution in the arterial wall. Elsevier Journal of Biomechanics vol. 27, (6) 1993
Berry CL, Sosa‐Melgarejo JA and Greenwald SE (1993). The relationship between wall tension, lamellar thickness, and intercellular junctions in the fetal and adult aorta: Its relevance to the pathology of dissecting aneurysm. Wiley The Journal of Pathology vol. 169, (1) 15-20. 1992
Salih V, Greenwald SE, Chong CF, Coumbe A and Berry CL (1992). The development of an in-vitro perfusion system for studies on cultured cells. International Journal of Experimental Pathology vol. 73, (5) 625-632. Celermajer DS, Dodd SM, Greenwald SE, Wyse RKH and Deanfield JE (1992). Morbid anatomy in neonates with Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve: Pathophysiologic and clinical implications. Elsevier Journal of the American College of Cardiology vol. 19, (5) 1049-1053. Crooks DA, Scholtz CL, Vowles G, Greenwald S and Evans S (1992). Axonal Injury in Closed Head Injury by Assault: A Quantitative Study. SAGE Publications Medicine Science and the Law vol. 32, (2) 109-117. Bertram CD and Greenwald SE (1992). A General Method of Determining the Frequency-Dependent Propagation Coefficient and Characteristic Impedance of an Artery in the Presence of Reflections. ASME International Journal of Biomechanical Engineering vol. 114, (1) 2-9. 1991
CROOKS DA, SCHOLTZ CL, VOWLES G, GREENWALD S and EVANS S (1991). The glial reaction in closed head injuries. Wiley Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology vol. 17, (5) 407-414. 1990
Greenwald SE, Carter AC and Berry CL (1990). Effect of age on the in vitro reflection coefficient of the aortoiliac bifurcation in humans. Wolters Kluwer Circulation vol. 82, (1) 114-123. 1989
Tippins JR, Greenwald SE, Lever MJ, MacIntyre I and Morris HR (1989). Coronary vasodilation induced by calcitonin gene-related peptide in the anaesthetised pig. Elsevier Neuropeptides vol. 13, (2) 95-102. GREENWALD SE (1989). BIRD DROPPINGS. NEW SCIENTIST vol. 122, (1660) 65-65. 1988
Greenwald SE, Collino CE and Berry CL (1988). In vitro determination of lung airway compliance in small animals. Springer Nature Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing vol. 26, (5) 497-502. 1987
GREENWALD SE and CLARK AD (1987). MANUSCRIPT MANAGER (CBE Style) Version 1.1. Portland Press Biochemical Society Transactions vol. 15, (3) 567-567. Chilosi M, Bonetti F, Menestrina F, Lestani M, Greenwald SE and Berry CL (1987). Letters to the editor. Wiley The Journal of Pathology vol. 152, (1) 55-57. Berry CL, Greenwald SE, Weiss L, Harlos JP, Norton AJ and Isaacson PG (1987). Letters to the editor. Wiley The Journal of Pathology vol. 151, (3) 239-242. Berry CL and Greenwald SE (1987). The validity of negative necropsy reports from metastases in solid organs. J Pathol vol. 151, (3) 239-240. GREENWALD SE and BERRY CL (1987). THE VALIDITY OF NEGATIVE NECROPSY REPORTS FROM METASTASES IN SOLID ORGANS. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY vol. 152, (1) 57-57. 1986
Moodie TB, Barclay DW and Greenwald SE (1986). Impulse propagation in liquid filled distensible tubes: Theory and experiment for intermediate to long wavelengths. Springer Nature Acta Mechanica vol. 59, (1-2) 47-58. Newman DL, Sipkema P, Greenwald SE and Westerhof N (1986). High frequency characteristics of the arterial system. Elsevier Journal of Biomechanics vol. 19, (10) 817-824. 1985
Greenwald SE, Berry CL and Ramsey RE (1985). The static elastic properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta in spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced hypertension: the effect of an anti-hypertensive drug. International Journal of Experimental Pathology vol. 66, (6) 633-642. Greenwald SE, Newman DL and Moodie TB (1985). Impulse propagation in rubber-tube analogues of arterial stenoses and aneurysms. Springer Nature Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing vol. 23, (2) 150-154. Greenwald SE, Newman DL and Moodie TB (1985). Reflection of pressure transients in rubber tube analogues of arterial stenoses and aneurysms. SE G, RJ J and HAWORTH SG (1985). Pulmonary vascular input impedance in the newborn and infant pig. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 19, (1) 44-50. 1984
Moodie TB, Barclay DW, Greenwald SE and Newman DL (1984). Waves in fluid filled tubes: Theory and experiment. Springer Nature Acta Mechanica vol. 54, (1-2) 107-119. Greenwald SE, Berry CL, Kay PH, Franks RE, Capuani A and Lincoln C (1984). Modified Blalock-Taussig operation using polytetrafluoroethylene (Impra) grafts. BMJ Heart vol. 52, (5) Greenwald SE, Letts LG, Newman DL and Piper PJ (1984). Actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes in coronary, femoral and carotid vessels of the pig. Elsevier European Journal of Pharmacology vol. 103, (1-2) 107-114. 1983
Newman DL, Greenwald SE and Bryant Moodie T (1983). Reflection from elastic discontinuities. Springer Nature Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing vol. 21, (6) 697-701. Letts LG, Newman DL, Greenwald SE and Piper PJ (1983). Effects of intra-coronary administration of leukotriene D4 in the anaesthetized dog. Elsevier Prostaglandins vol. 26, (4) 563-572. Newman DL, Penney SJ and Greenwald SE (1983). Pulse propagation characteristics by an impulse technique. Springer Nature Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing vol. 21, (4) 515-517. 1982
GREENWALD SE, BERRY CL and HAWORTH SG (1982). Changes in the distensibility of the intrapulmonary arteries in the normal newborn and growing pig. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 16, (12) 716-725. Greenwald SE, Berry CL and Haworth SG (1982). Changes in the distensibility of the intrapulmonary arteries in the normal newborn and growing pig. Cardiovasc Res vol. 16, (12) 716-725. Greenwald SE and Newman DL (1982). Impulse propagation through junctions. Springer Nature Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing vol. 20, (3) 343-350. GREENWALD SE, NEWMAN DL and DENYER HT (1982). Effect of smooth muscle activity on the static and dynamic elastic properties of the rabbit carotid artery. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 16, (2) 86-94. Greenwald SE, Newman DL and Denyer HT (1982). Effect of smooth muscle activity on the static and dynamic elastic properties of the rabbit carotid artery. Cardiovasc Res vol. 16, (2) 86-94. Newman DL and Greenwald SE (1982). The Effect of Smooth Muscle Activity on the Static and Dynamic Elastic Properties of the Rabbit Carotid Artery. Cardiovascular System Dynamics Springer Nature Newman DL and Greenwald SE (1982). Propagation and Reflection Characteristics of the Human Aorta. Biomechanics: Principles and Applications Springer Nature 1981
BERRY CL, GREENWALD SE and MENAHEM N (1981). Effect of beta-aminopropionitrile on the static elastic properties and blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 15, (7) 373-381. Berry CL, Greenwald SE and Menahem N (1981). Effect of beta-aminopropionitrile on the static elastic properties and blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res vol. 15, (7) 373-381. NEWMAN DL, GREENWALD SE and DENYER HT (1981). Impulse propagation in normal and stenosed vessels. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 15, (4) 190-195. Newman DL, Greenwald SE and Denyer HT (1981). Impulse propagation in normal and stenosed vessels. Cardiovasc Res vol. 15, (4) 190-195. Greenwald SE and Berry CL (1981). THE EFFECT OF ALTERATIONS IN SCLEROPROTEIN CONTENT ON THE STATIC ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ARTERIAL WALL. Cardiovascular Physiology: Heart, Peripheral Circulation and Methodology Elsevier 1980
Newman DL and Greenwald SE (1980). Analysis of forward and backward pressure waves by a total-occlusion method. Springer Nature Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing vol. 18, (2) 241-245. 1979
NEWMAN DL, GREENWALD SE and BOWDEN NLR (1979). An in vivo study of the total occlusion method for the analysis of forward and backward pressure waves. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 13, (10) 595-600. Newman DL, Greenwald SE and Bowden NL (1979). An in vivo study of the total occlusion method for the analysis of forward and backward pressure waves. Cardiovasc Res vol. 13, (10) 595-600. 1978
GREENWALD SE, NEWMAN DL and BOWDEN NLR (1978). Comparison between theoretical and directly measured pulse propagation velocities in the aorta of the anaesthetised dog. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 12, (7) 407-414. Greenwald SE, Newman DL and Bowden NL (1978). Comparison between theoretical and directly measured pulse propagation velocities in the aorta of the anesthetised dog. Cardiovasc Res vol. 12, (7) 407-414. GREENWALD SE and BERRY CL (1978). Static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats: a comparison with the effects of induced hypertension. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 12, (6) 364-372. Greenwald SE and Berry CL (1978). Static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats: a comparison with the effects of induced hypertension. Cardiovasc Res vol. 12, (6) 364-372. Newman DL and Greenwald SE (1978). Validity of the Moens-Korteweg Equation. The Arterial System Springer Nature 1976
BERRY CL and GREENWALD SE (1976). Effects of hypertension on the static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta1. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 10, (4) 437-451. Berry CL and Greenwald SE (1976). Effects of hypertension on the static mechanical properties and chemical composition of the rat aorta. Cardiovasc Res vol. 10, (4) 437-451. 1975
BERRY CL, GREENWALD SE and RIVETT JF (1975). Static mechanical properties of the developing and mature rat aorta1. Oxford University Press (OUP) Cardiovascular Research vol. 9, (5) 669-678. Berry CL, Greenwald SE and Rivett JF (1975). Static mechanical properties of the developing and mature rat aorta. Cardiovasc Res vol. 9, (5) 669-678. BERRY CL, GOSLING RG and GREENWALD SE (1975). GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIES, ITS RELEVANCE FOR DEGENERATIVE DISEASE. ARTERY vol. 1, (4) 365-365. 1974
Berry CL, Germain J, Newman DL and Greenwald SE (1974). Comparative morphological and functional aspects of the aorta of the major vertebrate classes. SAGE Publications Laboratory Animals vol. 8, (3) 279-289. 1973
Berry CL and Greenwald S (1973). Changes in structure and mechanical properties of the rat aorta induced by a hypertensive period during development. The Journal of Pathology vol. 110, (3)